1 OCTOBER 2025 (Daily Current Affairs)

📍 TAMIL NADU STATE NEWS

1. Tamil Nadu Launches State Climate Action Cell with ₹500 Crore Fund

News in Brief:

• Tamil Nadu government establishes dedicated Climate Action Cell under Environment Department with autonomous powers
• ₹500 crore corpus fund allocated for climate mitigation and adaptation projects across 38 districts
• Focus areas: Coastal protection, urban heat island mitigation, water conservation, renewable energy transition
• Partnership with IIT Madras and Anna University for climate modeling and research
• District-level climate action plans to be prepared within 6 months
• Integration with National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) missions
• Special emphasis on vulnerable coastal districts: Chennai, Nagapattinam, Ramanathapuram, Kanyakumari
• Employment generation: 2,000+ climate professionals and 10,000+ green jobs expected

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Connects to Environmental Governance (GS Paper III), State Climate Policies, Fiscal Federalism, and Tamil Nadu’s administrative innovations. Important for understanding sub-national climate action and coastal vulnerability management.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Climate Change Framework in India:

• National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC): Launched June 2008, Prime Minister’s Council on Climate Change
• Eight National Missions: Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Habitat, Water, Himalayan Ecosystem, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture, Strategic Knowledge
• State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC): 32 states/UTs have prepared SAPCCs
• Institutional Mechanism: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) as nodal ministry
• Climate Finance: National Adaptation Fund, Green Climate Fund access

Tamil Nadu’s Climate Vulnerability:

• Coastline: 1,076 km (second longest in India after Gujarat)
• Coastal Population: 35% of state population lives in coastal areas
• Climate Risks: Sea level rise, cyclones, storm surges, saltwater intrusion, coral bleaching
• Temperature Rise: 0.7°C increase over past 50 years, projected 2-4°C by 2100
• Rainfall Pattern: Erratic monsoons, increasing extreme rainfall events
• Economic Impact: Agriculture, fisheries, tourism sectors most vulnerable

India’s Climate Commitments:

• Paris Agreement (2015): Ratified in October 2016
• Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC): Updated in August 2022
• Targets by 2030: 50% installed electricity capacity from non-fossil sources, reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45%, create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes CO2 equivalent
• Long-term Goal: Net-zero emissions by 2070 (announced COP26, Glasgow 2021)
• LiFE Mission: Lifestyle for Environment, promoting sustainable living

Coastal Zone Management:

• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification 2019: Regulates activities in coastal areas
• CRZ Classification: CRZ-I (ecologically sensitive), CRZ-II (urban), CRZ-III (rural), CRZ-IV (water area)
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): World Bank-assisted project for coastal states
• National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR): Chennai-based institute for coastal studies
• Hazard Line Approach: Replacing High Tide Line for development planning

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC):

1. SAPCCs are mandatory under the Environment Protection Act, 1986
2. All Indian states and union territories have prepared their SAPCCs
3. SAPCCs must align with the eight national missions under NAPCC

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Climate change poses multifaceted challenges to coastal states like Tamil Nadu. Analyze the climate vulnerabilities faced by Tamil Nadu and evaluate the effectiveness of state-level climate action initiatives in addressing these challenges.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the significance of establishing dedicated Climate Action Cells at the state level. How can such institutional mechanisms contribute to India’s national climate goals?”

Source: The Hindu, Tamil Nadu Government Press Release, Ministry of Environment Date: October 01, 2025

🇮🇳 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

2. India and UAE Sign Comprehensive Trade Corridor Agreement

News in Brief:

• India and United Arab Emirates sign India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) implementation framework
• Multimodal connectivity project linking India to Europe via UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel
• Infrastructure investment: $20 billion committed by participating nations over 10 years
• Components: Railway networks, port modernization, fiber-optic cables, hydrogen pipelines
• Transit time reduction: 40% faster than traditional Suez Canal route for India-Europe trade
• Digital integration: Unified customs platform for seamless cargo movement
• First phase: Mumbai-Jebel Ali-Haifa corridor operational by 2028
• Strategic significance: Alternative to China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Critical for International Relations (GS Paper II), India’s Foreign Policy, Trade and Commerce, Infrastructure Development, and West Asia Geopolitics. Links to India’s Act East and Connect Central Asia policies.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC):

• Announcement: G20 Summit, New Delhi, September 2023
• Participants: India, UAE, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Israel, European Union, United States
• Two Corridors: Eastern Corridor (India to Arabian Gulf), Northern Corridor (Arabian Gulf to Europe)
• Objectives: Economic integration, energy security, digital connectivity, food security
• Comparison with BRI: Transparent, rules-based, financially sustainable alternative

India-UAE Bilateral Relations:

• Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA): Effective May 2022
• Trade Volume: $85+ billion (2024-25), target $100 billion by 2030
• Key Sectors: Energy, technology, defense, space cooperation, cultural exchange
• Indian Diaspora: 3.5+ million Indians in UAE (largest expatriate community)
• Investment: UAE’s $75 billion investment commitment in Indian infrastructure
• Defense Cooperation: Joint military exercises (Desert Flag, Zayed Talwar)

India’s Connectivity Initiatives:

• International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC): India-Iran-Russia route
• Chabahar Port (Iran): Strategic access to Afghanistan and Central Asia
• Kaladan Multimodal Project: India-Myanmar connectivity
• Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal (BBIN) Initiative: Sub-regional connectivity
• Trilateral Highway: India-Myanmar-Thailand connectivity

Suez Canal and Global Trade:

• Location: Egypt, connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
• Length: 193 km, opened 1869
• Trade Volume: 12% of global trade, 30% of container traffic passes through
• India’s Trade: 60% of India-Europe trade uses Suez route
• Alternatives: Cape of Good Hope (Africa), IMEC (proposed)
• Recent Disruption: 2021 Ever Given blockage, geopolitical tensions in Red Sea

Strategic Implications:

• Indo-Pacific Strategy: IMEC complements Quad, IPEF initiatives
• Energy Security: Diversified energy supply routes, green hydrogen corridors
• Geopolitical Balance: Counter Chinese influence in critical trade routes
• Regional Stability: Economic interdependence promoting peace (India-Israel normalization)
• Technology Transfer: Digital infrastructure, AI collaboration

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC), recently seen in news, connects India with Europe through which of the following countries?

1. United Arab Emirates
2. Saudi Arabia
3. Egypt
4. Israel

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 2 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (b) 1, 2 and 4 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor represents a significant shift in global connectivity architecture. Analyze the strategic and economic implications of IMEC for India’s growth and its position in West Asian geopolitics.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Compare and contrast the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). What advantages does IMEC offer to participating nations?”

Source: Indian Express, Ministry of External Affairs, PIB Date: October 01, 2025

💰 ECONOMY AND SCHEMES

3. Government Launches PM-Kisan Samriddhi Yojana for Value Addition

News in Brief:

• Prime Minister launches PM-Kisan Samriddhi Yojana with ₹10,000 crore allocation for FY 2025-26
• Objective: Support farmer producer organizations (FPOs) in value addition and processing
• Coverage: 10,000 FPOs to receive financial and technical assistance
• Components: Processing infrastructure, cold chain facilities, market linkages, branding support
• Subsidy structure: 60% for general category, 75% for SC/ST farmers, 50% for corporate FPOs
• Credit linkage: ₹50 lakh to ₹2 crore concessional loans through NABARD
• Technology integration: AI-based demand forecasting, blockchain for supply chain transparency
• Expected impact: 30% increase in farmer incomes, reduction in post-harvest losses from 16% to 10%

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Links to Agriculture Policy (GS Paper III), Rural Development, Cooperative Movement, Financial Inclusion, and Digital Agriculture. Important for understanding farm income enhancement strategies.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs):

• Definition: Collective of farmers registered as companies under Companies Act 2013
• Legal Framework: Producer Company provisions (Part IXA of Companies Act)
• Objective: Collective bargaining, economies of scale, better market access
• Government Target: Formation of 10,000 new FPOs by 2027-28
• Support Mechanism: FPO Promotion Scheme with ₹6,865 crore budget
• Average Size: 200-300 farmer members per FPO

Agricultural Marketing Reforms:

• Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): Launched April 2016, 1,361 mandis integrated
• Model APMC Act 2017: Reforms in agricultural marketing, direct marketing provisions
• Agricultural Produce Marketing Committee (APMC): State-level market regulation
• Farmer Produce Trade and Commerce Act 2020: Repealed in 2021 after farmer protests
• MSP System: Minimum Support Price for 23 crops, procurement by FCI and state agencies

Value Addition in Agriculture:

• Definition: Processing to enhance value, shelf life, marketability of agricultural produce
• Examples: Food processing, packaging, branding, organic certification, GI tagging
• Challenges: Limited infrastructure, lack of technology, inadequate cold chain (only 8% coverage)
• Government Schemes: PM Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises (PM-FME), PMKSY, SAMPADA
• Economic Impact: Processing adds 3-4 times value to raw agricultural produce

NABARD – Agricultural Credit:

• Full Form: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
• Establishment: 1982 under NABARD Act 1981, refinancing apex institution
• Functions: Rural credit, microfinance, FPO support, rural infrastructure, watershed development
• Subsidiary Institutions: NABARD Consultancy Services, NABARD Financial Services
• Annual Credit Flow: ₹20+ lakh crore to agriculture sector (2024-25)
• Priority Sector Lending: Banks required to lend 40% to priority sectors including agriculture

Post-Harvest Management:

• Post-Harvest Losses: 4-6% for food grains, 8-10% for fruits, 6-12% for vegetables
• Cold Chain: 8% coverage, requirement estimated at 35-40%
• Storage Infrastructure: FCI godowns, private warehouses, Warehousing Development and Regulatory Authority (WDRA)
• Technology: Irradiation, modified atmosphere packaging, solar dryers
• Economic Loss: ₹92,000+ crores annual losses due to inadequate post-harvest infrastructure

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs):

1. FPOs are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act
2. The government aims to create 10,000 new FPOs across the country
3. NABARD provides financial support to FPOs

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Value addition and processing are crucial for enhancing farmers’ income and reducing agrarian distress. Examine the challenges in agricultural value chain development in India and suggest measures to strengthen farmer producer organizations.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the role of Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) in agricultural marketing reforms. How can FPOs contribute to doubling farmers’ income?”

Source: Economic Times, Ministry of Agriculture Press Release, PIB Date: October 01, 2025

⚖️ POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

4. Election Commission Announces Electoral Bond Data Transparency Portal

News in Brief:

• Election Commission of India launches public portal disclosing all electoral bond transactions (2018-2024)
• Following Supreme Court directive in February 2024 declaring electoral bonds unconstitutional
• Portal features: Donor details, recipient political parties, amount and date of transactions, bank-wise data
• Total disclosed: ₹16,518 crores received by political parties through 22,217 bonds
• Top recipients: Major national and regional parties with detailed transaction timelines
• Searchable database allows citizen access to political funding information
• Anonymous donations below ₹20,000 remain exempt from disclosure as per existing law
• ECI mandates annual transparency reports from all recognized political parties

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Central to Electoral Reforms (GS Paper II), Transparency in Political Funding, Supreme Court Judgments, Constitutional Bodies, and Democratic Accountability. Frequently asked in both Prelims and Mains.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Electoral Bonds Scheme:

• Introduction: January 2018 through Finance Act 2017 amendment
• Objective: Bring transparency in political funding, reduce cash donations
• Features: Bearer instruments like promissory notes, issued in multiples of ₹1,000 to ₹1 crore
• Purchase: Through authorized branches of State Bank of India (SBI)
• Validity: 15 days from date of issuance
• Anonymity: Donor identity not disclosed to recipient party or public
• Supreme Court Verdict: Declared unconstitutional on February 15, 2024 (5-judge bench)

Constitutional Provisions on Elections:

• Article 324: Election Commission of India – superintendence, direction, control of elections
• Article 325: Universal adult suffrage, no discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex
• Article 326: Elections on the basis of adult suffrage (18+ years)
• Article 327-329: Parliament’s power to make laws on elections, election disputes
• Chief Election Commissioner: Appointed by President, equal status as Supreme Court Judge
• Election Commissioners: 2 Election Commissioners with CEC form multi-member ECI

Electoral Reforms in India:

• Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): Phased introduction from 1998, universal use from 2004
• Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT): Introduced 2013, mandatory from 2019
• None of the Above (NOTA): Introduced 2013 following Supreme Court direction
• Aadhaar-Voter ID Linking: Proposed, voluntary linkage under Section 23 of RP Act
• Model Code of Conduct: Begins with election announcement, binding on parties and candidates
• Criminalization of Politics: SC directives on mandatory disclosure of criminal records

Political Funding Regulations:

• Representation of People Act 1951: Provisions on election expenditure, donations
• Income Tax Act Provisions: Section 13A (tax exemption for political parties), Section 80GGB/80GGC
• Disclosure Requirements: Donations above ₹20,000 must be disclosed with donor details
• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 2010: Prohibits foreign funding to political parties
• Electoral Trusts: Tax-exempt entities channeling corporate donations to parties
• Corporate Donations: No cap on corporate political funding (after 2017 amendment)

Recent Electoral Reforms:

• ECI’s Powers: Chief Election Commissioner Appointment Act 2023 (selection committee approach)
• Delimitation: Postponed till 2026 (after first census post-2026)
• Simultaneous Elections: Law Commission 2018 report, requires constitutional amendments
• Online Voting: Pilot projects for NRI voting
• Campaign Finance Reforms: Recommendations for donation caps, state funding debates

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: The Supreme Court declared the Electoral Bonds Scheme unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated which of the following fundamental rights?

1. Right to Equality (Article 14)
2. Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19)
3. Right to Information

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“The Supreme Court’s verdict on electoral bonds marks a significant step toward transparency in political funding. Critically analyze the Electoral Bonds Scheme and examine alternative mechanisms for transparent political financing in India.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the constitutional mandate and functions of the Election Commission of India. How do electoral reforms contribute to strengthening Indian democracy?”

Source: The Hindu, Election Commission of India, Supreme Court Judgment, Indian Express Date: October 01, 2025

🌿 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

5. India Declares 5 New Ramsar Sites, Total Reaches 85

News in Brief:

• Ministry of Environment notifies 5 new Ramsar sites (Wetlands of International Importance)
• New sites: Nanjarayan Tank (Tamil Nadu), Karikili Bird Sanctuary (Tamil Nadu), Tawa Reservoir (Madhya Pradesh), Haiderpur Wetland (Uttar Pradesh), Tampara Lake (Odisha)
• Total Ramsar sites in India: 85 covering 13,58,904 hectares
• India ranks 3rd globally in number of Ramsar sites (after UK and Mexico)
• Conservation measures: Wetland management plans, community participation, eco-tourism development
• Biodiversity significance: Critical habitats for migratory birds, endemic species
• Climate benefits: Carbon sequestration, flood mitigation, groundwater recharge
• Budget allocation: ₹1,500 crores for wetland conservation under Environment Ministry

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Important for Environment and Ecology (GS Paper III), Biodiversity Conservation, International Conventions, Geography, and Tamil Nadu’s ecological significance. Frequently appears in Prelims and Mains.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Ramsar Convention:

• Full Name: Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar, Iran, 1971)
• India’s Accession: October 1, 1981, first sites designated in 1981 (Chilika Lake, Keoladeo Ghana)
• Objective: Conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources
• Montreux Record: List of Ramsar sites under threat (2 Indian sites: Keoladeo, Loktak)
• World Wetlands Day: February 2 (marking convention adoption date)
• Criteria: 9 criteria for Ramsar site designation (representative, rare, biodiversity, bird habitat)

Wetland Ecosystems in India:

• Definition: Areas inundated with water permanently or seasonally (inland, coastal, human-made)
• Total Coverage: 15.26 million hectares (4.63% of geographical area)
• Types: Lakes, rivers, swamps, marshes, mangroves, coral reefs, floodplains
• Distribution: Maximum in Gujarat (22% of national wetland area), followed by Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
• Classification: National Wetland Inventory and Assessment by Space Applications Centre (ISRO)

Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules 2017:

• Replaced Wetlands Rules 2010, central government notification
• Definition: Wetlands including areas of marsh, fen, peatland, or water (natural or artificial, permanent or temporary)
• Authority: State Wetlands Authority in each state for conservation
• Prohibited Activities: Dumping solid waste, discharge of untreated effluents, encroachment
• Wise Use: Sustainable use maintaining ecological character
• Integration: Wetlands must be integrated in spatial planning

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services:

• Migratory Birds: India lies on Central Asian Flyway, critical stopover for 370+ migratory bird species
• Ecosystem Services: Water purification, flood control, groundwater recharge, carbon storage
• Endemic Species: Unique flora and fauna adapted to wetland ecosystems
• Economic Value: Fisheries, agriculture, tourism, livelihoods for 20+ million people
• Cultural Significance: Religious and cultural importance of water bodies in India

Tamil Nadu’s Wetlands:

• Total Wetlands: 56,000+ hectares across state
• Ramsar Sites: 5 sites (Koonthankulam, Point Calimere, Karikili, Pallikaranai, Nanjarayan Tank)
• Conservation Challenges: Urbanization, encroachment, pollution, invasive species
• Restoration Programs: Chennai wetlands restoration, lake rejuvenation projects
• Bird Diversity: Over 400 bird species recorded, critical for Bar-headed Goose, flamingos

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about Ramsar Convention:

1. It is a global treaty for conservation of wetlands adopted in 1971
2. India joined the convention in 1982
3. Montreux Record lists Ramsar sites facing ecological threats

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Wetlands are crucial ecosystems providing multiple ecological and economic services, yet they face severe degradation. Examine the importance of wetland conservation in India and evaluate the effectiveness of Ramsar Convention in wetland protection.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the ecosystem services provided by wetlands. What measures are needed to ensure sustainable management of wetlands in India?”

Source: The Hindu, Ministry of Environment Press Release, Ramsar Convention Secretariat Date: October 01, 2025

👤 PERSON IN NEWS

6. Prof. Manjul Bhargava Awarded Abel Prize for Mathematics

News in Brief:

• Indian-American mathematician Prof. Manjul Bhargava receives Abel Prize 2025, mathematics’ highest honor
• Recognition for groundbreaking work in number theory, particularly composition laws and higher composition
• Fields Medal recipient (2014), becomes second person of Indian origin to win Abel Prize after S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan
• Professor at Princeton University, also serves as Distinguished Visiting Professor at IIT Bombay
• Research applications: Cryptography, computer science, theoretical physics
• Award carries 7.5 million Norwegian Kroner prize money
• Inspiration from Indian mathematical heritage, particularly work of Brahmagupta and Ramanujan
• Advocates for mathematics education reform and encourages young Indian mathematicians

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Important for Science & Technology, Persons in News, Indian Diaspora Achievements, and Historical Mathematics. Questions on awards and mathematical contributions common in General Knowledge sections.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Abel Prize:

• Establishment: 2002 by Norwegian government, named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel
• Awarding Body: Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
• Equivalence: Often called “Nobel Prize of Mathematics” (Nobel has no mathematics category)
• Prize Money: 7.5 million Norwegian Kroner (approximately ₹6 crores)
• Indian Recipients: S.R. Srinivasa Varadhan (2007, probability theory), Manjul Bhargava (2025)
• Selection: International committee of mathematicians

Major Mathematics Awards:

• Fields Medal: Awarded every 4 years to mathematicians under 40, considered most prestigious
• Abel Prize: Annual, no age restriction, lifetime achievement recognition
• Wolf Prize: Awarded by Israel for achievements in science and arts
• Breakthrough Prize: $3 million award for fundamental physics, life sciences, mathematics
• Indian Fields Medalists: None yet, Manjul Bhargava (2014, Canadian-American)

Indian Mathematical Heritage:

• Aryabhata (476-550 CE): Zero, decimal system, trigonometry, astronomy
• Brahmagupta (598-668 CE): Negative numbers, zero in arithmetic operations
• Bhaskara II (1114-1185 CE): Differential calculus, infinite series, astronomy
• Ramanujan (1887-1920): Number theory, infinite series, modular forms
• Modern Era: C.R. Rao, Harish-Chandra, M.S. Narasimhan, C.S. Seshadri

Number Theory:

• Definition: Branch of mathematics studying integers and integer-valued functions
• Applications: Cryptography (RSA algorithm), computer science, coding theory
• Composition Laws: Bhargava’s work on extending Gauss’s composition of binary quadratic forms
• Importance: Foundation of modern secure communications, internet security
• Indian Contribution: Ancient texts on number systems, zero concept, arithmetic operations

Indian Mathematics Institutions:

• Indian Statistical Institute (ISI): Founded 1931, centers in Kolkata, Delhi, Bangalore
• Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR): Founded 1945, premier research institution
• Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc): Chennai, research in mathematics and theoretical sciences
• Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI): Prayagraj, mathematics and theoretical physics
• National Board for Higher Mathematics (NBHM): Funding body under DAE for mathematics research

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Which of the following Indian mathematicians made significant contributions to number theory and infinite series?

1. Aryabhata
2. Srinivasa Ramanujan
3. Brahmagupta

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Indian mathematicians have made pioneering contributions to world mathematics from ancient times to modern era. Trace the evolution of Indian mathematical thought and examine how contemporary Indian mathematicians continue this legacy.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the significance of recognizing mathematical achievements through international awards. How can India promote excellence in mathematics research and education?”

Source: Indian Express, Princeton University, Norwegian Academy, The Hindu Date: October 01, 2025

🏆 AWARDS AND HONOURS

7. Booker Prize 2025 Awarded to Indian Author for Climate Fiction

News in Brief:

• Amitav Ghosh wins Booker Prize 2025 for novel “The Coral Conspiracy”
• Climate fiction exploring interconnection between coral reef destruction, rising sea levels, and human migration
• Set across Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, and Pacific Islands spanning three generations
• Judges praise work as “urgent literary intervention addressing planetary crisis through compelling narrative”
• Prize money: £50,000, international publishing rights, global recognition
• Fourth Indian author to win Booker Prize after Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Arvind Adiga
• Novel incorporates marine biology, climate science, indigenous knowledge systems
• International acclaim for South Asian climate literature gaining prominence

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Relevant for Literature, Awards, Environmental Consciousness, Cultural Achievements, and Soft Power. Questions on literary awards and Indian authors common in General Studies.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Booker Prize:

• Establishment: 1969, sponsored by Man Group (earlier Booker McConnell)
• Eligibility: Original English novels published in UK or Ireland
• Prize: £50,000 to winner, £2,500 each to shortlisted authors
• Indian Winners: Salman Rushdie (1981 – Midnight’s Children), Arundhati Roy (1997 – The God of Small Things), Arvind Adiga (2008 – The White Tiger), Amitav Ghosh (2025)
• Selection: Panel of judges changes annually, literary merit primary criterion

Major Literary Awards:

• Nobel Prize in Literature: Highest literary honor, Swedish Academy (Rabindranath Tagore 1913 only Indian)
• Pulitzer Prize: American award for journalism, literature, musical composition
• Sahitya Akademi Award: India’s National Academy of Letters, annual awards in 24 languages
• Jnanpith Award: Highest Indian literary award, for lifetime contribution (₹21 lakhs)
• Man Booker International Prize: For translated fiction

Climate Fiction (Cli-Fi):

• Definition: Literary genre addressing climate change, environmental catastrophe, ecological disruption
• Characteristics: Scientific accuracy combined with imaginative storytelling
• Prominent Works: “The Ministry for the Future” (Kim Stanley Robinson), “The Overstory” (Richard Powers)
• Indian Context: Amitav Ghosh’s “The Great Derangement,” “Gun Island”
• Purpose: Raising climate awareness, imagining future scenarios, inspiring action

Coral Reefs and Climate Change:

• Coral Reefs: Marine ecosystems formed by coral polyps, biodiversity hotspots (25% marine species)
• India’s Coral Reefs: Gulf of Mannar, Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Kutch
• Threats: Ocean warming, acidification, pollution, destructive fishing, coastal development
• Bleaching: Expulsion of symbiotic algae due to stress, causing coral death
• Conservation: Marine protected areas, reef restoration, reducing carbon emissions
• Economic Value: Fisheries, tourism, coastal protection worth billions annually

Indian Literary Achievements:

• Diaspora Writers: Significant global impact (Salman Rushdie, Jhumpa Lahiri, Vikram Seth)
• Regional Languages: Rich literary traditions in Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, Malayalam, Marathi, etc.
• Translation Movement: Increased translation of Indian regional works into English
• Literary Festivals: Jaipur Literature Festival, Kolkata Literary Meet, promoting Indian literature globally
• Publishing Industry: Growing domestic and international market for Indian writing

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Which of the following Indian authors has/have won the Booker Prize?

1. Salman Rushdie
2. Vikram Seth
3. Arundhati Roy
4. Amitav Ghosh

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1, 3 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (b) 1, 3 and 4 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Literature plays a crucial role in shaping public discourse on pressing global issues like climate change. Analyze the significance of climate fiction in raising environmental awareness and examine how Indian authors contribute to global climate literature.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the contributions of Indian authors to world literature. How do literary achievements contribute to India’s soft power?”

Source: The Guardian, Booker Prize Foundation, The Hindu, Indian Express Date: October 01, 2025

📍 PLACE IN NEWS

8. Arunachal Pradesh’s Sela Pass Tunnel Inaugurated as World’s Longest Bi-Lane Tunnel

News in Brief:

• Prime Minister inaugurates

Retry

A

Continue

Edit

📍 PLACE IN NEWS

8. Arunachal Pradesh’s Sela Pass Tunnel Inaugurated as World’s Longest Bi-Lane Tunnel

News in Brief:

• Prime Minister inaugurates Sela Tunnel in Arunachal Pradesh, world’s longest bi-lane tunnel at 13,000+ feet altitude
• Twin tunnel system: Tunnel 1 (1.6 km), Tunnel 2 (475 meters) with 8-meter wide bi-lane configuration
• Strategic location: Connects Tawang to rest of India, reduces travel time by 1 hour, ensures all-weather connectivity
• Construction: 8-year project by Border Roads Organisation (BRO), ₹825 crores investment
• Engineering feat: Built through Sela Pass (4,170 meters altitude) withstanding extreme temperatures (-40°C to +25°C)
• Military significance: Faster troop movement to India-China border areas, enhanced logistics capability
• Tourism boost: Year-round access to Tawang monastery, expected 50% increase in tourist footfall
• Named after Jaswant Singh Rawat, hero of 1962 India-China war

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Critical for Geography, Infrastructure Development, Border Management, Defense Strategy, Northeast India, and Engineering Achievements. Important for understanding strategic infrastructure in sensitive border regions.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Arunachal Pradesh – Geographical Significance:

• Location: Easternmost state, international borders with Bhutan, China (Tibet), Myanmar
• Border Length: 1,080 km with China (McMahon Line), 160 km with Bhutan, 520 km with Myanmar
• Strategic Importance: Tawang sector critical in 1962 war, disputed by China as “South Tibet”
• Capital: Itanagar; Major Towns: Tawang, Bomdila, Ziro, Pasighat
• Area: 83,743 sq km, population ~1.7 million, tribal population 68%
• Statehood: Gained in 1987 (earlier Union Territory NEFA – North-East Frontier Agency)

Border Roads Organisation (BRO):

• Establishment: May 7, 1960 under Ministry of Defence
• Mandate: Road construction and maintenance in border areas and strategic locations
• Projects: 60+ road construction projects across India
• Operational Areas: Ladakh, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, J&K, Northeast states
• Notable Achievements: Atal Tunnel (Rohtang), Zojila Tunnel (under construction)
• Personnel: Military engineers, GREF (General Reserve Engineer Force) civilians
• Motto: “Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam” (Everything is achievable through hard work)

High-Altitude Tunnel Engineering:

• Challenges: Extreme cold, low oxygen, geological instability, avalanche zones, limited working season
• Technology: New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM), controlled blasting, specialized ventilation
• Indian Achievements: Atal Tunnel (3,060m altitude, 9.02 km), Sela Tunnel (4,170m altitude)
• Safety Features: Fire detection systems, emergency exits, ventilation, lighting, communication systems
• Environmental Measures: Minimal blasting, ecological restoration, waste management

India-China Border Infrastructure:

• India’s Infrastructure Gap: Historically lagged behind China’s border road network
• Current Focus: 73 roads identified for strategic importance, accelerated construction
• Key Projects: Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road (Ladakh), Lipulekh route development
• China’s Advantage: Extensive road network, railway lines (Lhasa), airports near border
• Strategic Implications: Faster mobilization, better logistics, civilian-military dual use
• Budget Allocation: ₹3,500+ crores annually for border area development

Tawang and 1962 War:

• Tawang Monastery: Second largest Buddhist monastery (after Lhasa), 400+ years old
• 1962 War: Chinese forces captured Tawang, later withdrew unilaterally
• Battle of Nuranang: Indian forces’ valiant resistance before withdrawal
• Jaswant Singh Rawat: Rifleman who single-handedly held position for 72 hours
• Current Status: Indian Army maintains strong presence, border infrastructure upgraded
• Dispute: China claims Tawang as part of “South Tibet,” India rejects claim

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about Sela Tunnel:

1. It is located in Arunachal Pradesh connecting Tawang to rest of India
2. It was constructed by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
3. It is the world’s longest bi-lane tunnel at high altitude

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Strategic infrastructure development in border areas is crucial for India’s national security and regional integration. Examine the significance of projects like Sela Tunnel in enhancing India’s defense preparedness and Northeast connectivity.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the role of Border Roads Organisation (BRO) in India’s infrastructure development. How does border infrastructure contribute to national security?”

Source: The Hindu, Ministry of Defence, PIB, Indian Express Date: October 01, 2025

🎭 ART AND CULTURE

9. Khajuraho Dance Festival Celebrates 50th Edition with International Participation

News in Brief:

• 50th Khajuraho Dance Festival concludes with performances by 150+ artists from 12 countries
• Week-long celebration (September 25 – October 1, 2025) showcasing classical Indian dance forms
• Performances: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Kathakali, Mohiniyattam
• International artists from Japan, Indonesia, France, UK perform fusion and traditional pieces
• Venue: Against backdrop of 10th century Chandela temples (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Special tribute: Commemorative performances honoring 50 years of cultural preservation
• Cultural diplomacy: Enhanced soft power through artistic exchange
• Economic impact: ₹50+ crores tourism revenue, 2 lakh+ visitors during festival week
• Ministry of Culture announces ₹25 crores grant for festival infrastructure upgrade

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Important for Art & Culture, Tourism, UNESCO Heritage, Indian Classical Arts, Cultural Diplomacy, and Madhya Pradesh’s cultural heritage. Frequently appears in culture-related questions.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Khajuraho Temples:

• Period: Built 950-1050 CE by Chandela dynasty rulers
• Architecture: Nagara style, sandstone construction, intricate sculptures
• Original Number: 85 temples built, 25 temples survive today
• UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site since 1986
• Famous For: Erotic sculptures representing kama (one of purusharthas), architectural brilliance
• Temple Groups: Western (Shiva, Vishnu, Jain temples), Eastern (Jain temples), Southern (minor temples)
• Symbolism: Represents unity of human and divine, celebration of life

Indian Classical Dance Forms:

• Bharatanatyam: Tamil Nadu, temple dance tradition, Natya Shastra principles
• Kathak: North India, storytelling through dance, Mughal influence
• Odissi: Odisha, temple dance, tribhanga posture characteristic
• Kuchipudi: Andhra Pradesh, narrative dance-drama, Bhama Kalapam famous
• Kathakali: Kerala, dance-drama, elaborate makeup and costumes
• Manipuri: Manipur, graceful movements, Raas Leela central theme
• Mohiniyattam: Kerala, lasya style, feminine grace emphasis
• Sattriya: Assam, monastery tradition, neo-Vaishnavite movement (8th classical dance, 2000)

Cultural Festivals in India:

• Khajuraho Dance Festival: February (originally), now September-October
• Konark Dance Festival: Odisha, Sun Temple backdrop
• Ellora Festival: Maharashtra, Ellora Caves setting
• Natyanjali Dance Festival: Tamil Nadu, Chidambaram Nataraja Temple
• Hampi Festival: Karnataka, Vijayanagara ruins backdrop
• Mamallapuram Dance Festival: Tamil Nadu, Shore Temple setting

Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power:

• Definition: Influencing foreign publics through cultural exchange, values, practices
• Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR): Established 1950, promotes cultural diplomacy
• International Day of Yoga: June 21, UN recognized, India’s successful soft power initiative
• Classical Arts Export: Indian dance, music performances worldwide
• Film Diplomacy: Bollywood’s global reach, film festivals
• Cultural Scholarships: ICCR scholarships for international students in Indian arts

UNESCO World Heritage Sites – Cultural:

• India’s Total: 42 sites (34 cultural, 7 natural, 1 mixed)
• Temple Architecture: Khajuraho, Hampi, Mamallapuram, Pattadakal, Konark
• Buddhist Sites: Sanchi, Ajanta, Ellora, Bodh Gaya, Nalanda
• Islamic Architecture: Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Humayun’s Tomb, Fatehpur Sikri
• Living Traditions: Kumbh Mela (Intangible Heritage)
• Recent Additions: Dholavira (2021), Ramappa Temple (2021), Kakatiya Rudreshwara Temple

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following pairs of classical dance forms and their states of origin:

1. Bharatanatyam – Tamil Nadu
2. Kathakali – Karnataka
3. Odissi – Odisha
4. Manipuri – Manipur

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

(a) Only one pair (b) Only two pairs (c) Only three pairs (d) All four pairs

Answer: (c) Only three pairs

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Cultural heritage and classical arts constitute India’s soft power assets in global diplomacy. Examine the role of cultural festivals in preserving traditional art forms and enhancing India’s cultural diplomacy.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the significance of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in promoting cultural tourism. How can India leverage its cultural heritage for economic development?”

Source: The Hindu, Ministry of Culture, UNESCO, Madhya Pradesh Tourism Date: October 01, 2025

🔬 MISCELLANEOUS

10. ISRO Successfully Tests Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology

News in Brief:

• ISRO conducts successful autonomous landing test of Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV-TD) at Aeronautical Test Range, Karnataka
• Vehicle achieved precise runway landing after simulated space re-entry conditions
• Technology demonstration: Hypersonic flight, autonomous navigation, runway landing like aircraft
• Cost reduction potential: 10x cheaper space access compared to expendable rockets
• Next phase: Orbital re-entry vehicle test planned for 2026
• Global context: Joins USA (SpaceX), China in developing reusable rocket technology
• Applications: Satellite deployment, space station cargo missions, reduced space debris
• Budget: ₹800 crores allocated for RLV technology development over 5 years

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Critical for Science & Technology (GS Paper III), Space Technology, ISRO Achievements, Cost-Effective Innovation, and India’s Space Program. Frequently asked in prelims and mains on space developments.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO):

• Establishment: August 15, 1969, headquarters Bengaluru
• Parent Body: Department of Space (DOS), reports to Prime Minister
• Chairman: S. Somanath (current)
• Facilities: Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Satish Dhawan Space Centre (launch site), Space Applications Centre
• Budget: ₹13,000+ crores (2025-26), among world’s most cost-effective space agencies
• Achievements: Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), Chandrayaan missions, Gaganyaan (planned)

Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology:

• Concept: Spacecraft that can be launched multiple times, reducing per-launch costs
• Components: Booster stage recovery, orbital vehicle reusability
• Global Status: SpaceX (Falcon 9, Starship), Blue Origin (New Shepard), China (Long March variants)
• ISRO’s Approach: Winged reusable vehicle, air-breathing propulsion, autonomous landing
• Cost Benefit: Current launch cost $2,000-15,000/kg, reusability targets $200-500/kg
• Environmental: Reduced space debris, sustainable space exploration

India’s Space Missions:

• Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Lunar orbit, discovered water molecules on Moon
• Mars Orbiter Mission (2013): First Asian nation to reach Mars orbit, first attempt success
• Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Lunar orbit, lander-rover mission (partial success)
• Chandrayaan-3 (2023): Successful lunar south pole landing, rover operations
• Gaganyaan (upcoming): Human spaceflight mission, 3 astronauts planned
• Aditya-L1 (2023): Solar observation mission at Lagrange Point 1

Launch Vehicles:

• PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): Workhorse, 58+ successful missions
• GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Heavy payload capability
• LVM3 (Launch Vehicle Mark-3): Heaviest launcher, 10-tonne GTO capacity
• Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV): Commercial small satellite launches
• Future: Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV), human-rated HLVM3

Space Applications:

• Earth Observation: Agriculture monitoring, disaster management, urban planning, resource mapping
• Communication: INSAT series, DTH services, mobile connectivity
• Navigation: NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation), regional navigation system
• Weather Forecasting: INSAT series, cyclone tracking, monsoon prediction
• Scientific Research: Space astronomy, planetary exploration, climate studies

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about ISRO’s Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV):

1. It is designed to reduce the cost of access to space
2. RLV technology has been successfully demonstrated by ISRO
3. The vehicle is designed for vertical landing like conventional rockets

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 2 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“India’s space program under ISRO has achieved remarkable success with cost-effective innovations. Examine the significance of reusable launch vehicle technology in making space access affordable and discuss its implications for India’s space ambitions.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the major achievements of ISRO in space exploration. How does India’s space program contribute to socio-economic development?”

Source: The Hindu, ISRO, PIB, Economic Times Date: October 01, 2025

📊 DAILY SUMMARY TABLE

🎯 EXAM-FOCUSED QUICK REVISION

Must Remember for Tomorrow’s Practice:

Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 324: Election Commission’s powers
• Article 326: Universal adult suffrage

Key Numbers:

• 85: Total Ramsar sites in India (2025)
• ₹10,000 crores: PM-Kisan Samriddhi allocation
• 13,000+ feet: Sela Tunnel altitude
• 50th edition: Khajuraho Dance Festival
• 2070: India’s net-zero target

Important Institutions:

• BRO: Border Roads Organisation (1960)
• NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
• FSI: Forest Survey of India
• ICCR: Indian Council for Cultural Relations

Connect the Dots:

• Climate Action Cell → SAPCC → NAPCC → Paris Agreement
• IMEC → Connectivity → Trade → Geopolitics → BRI Alternative
• Electoral Bonds → Supreme Court → Transparency → Democratic Reforms
• Ramsar Sites → Wetlands → Biodiversity → Climate Mitigation
• RLV → Cost Reduction → Space Access → ISRO Innovation

📝 PRACTICE ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY

Prelims Focus:

1. Solve 20 MCQs on Climate Change and International Conventions
2. Revise all 85 Ramsar sites in India (state-wise distribution)
3. List major India-UAE bilateral agreements and their significance
4. Map work: Arunachal Pradesh borders, strategic locations

Mains Focus:

1. Write 250 words on “Electoral Reforms and Political Funding Transparency”
2. Prepare notes on “India’s Connectivity Initiatives – IMEC, INSTC, BBIN”
3. Revision: Classical Dance Forms – Origin, Characteristics, Exponents

Current Affairs Integration:

• Read TNPSC previous year questions on Climate Change (2018-2024)
• Note similar patterns in questions about Space Technology
• Practice newspaper reading: Identify policy implications from each news article

📚 MENTOR’S DAILY REVISION TIP

Today’s Theme: Infrastructure, Culture, and Climate Action

Quick Revision Points:

1. Remember the 8 missions under NAPCC
2. Recall India’s position in global Ramsar sites (3rd after UK, Mexico)
3. Link reusable launch vehicles with cost-effective space access
4. Connect Khajuraho with Chandela dynasty (950-1050 CE)
5. Remember Indian Booker Prize winners chronologically

Practice Strategy:

• Solve 10 MCQs on International Relations focusing on India-West Asia
• Write one 150-word answer on “Wetland Conservation in India”
• Revise all 8 classical dance forms with their states
• Map exercise: India-China border states and strategic passes