30 SEPTEMBER 2025 (Daily Current Affairs)

📍 TAMIL NADU STATE NEWS

1. Tamil Nadu Launches AI-Powered Grievance Redressal System

News in Brief:

• Tamil Nadu Chief Minister inaugurates ‘TN e-Sevai 2.0’ – an AI-powered grievance redressal platform integrating all government departments
• System uses Natural Language Processing to categorize complaints in Tamil and English automatically
• Target: 7-day resolution for 95% of grievances with real-time tracking
• Integration with WhatsApp, mobile app, and web portal for accessibility
• 24/7 chatbot assistance in regional language for citizens
• Pilot project data shows 40% reduction in pendency from 15 districts

Why This Matters for Your Exam: This connects to e-Governance (GS Paper II – Polity), Digital India initiatives, and Tamil Nadu’s administrative reforms. Expect questions on technology in governance and citizen-centric administration.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

E-Governance in Tamil Nadu:

• TN e-Sevai: Launched in 2013, providing 200+ government services
• Coverage: All 38 districts with 15,000+ service centers
• Annual Service Delivery: 10+ crore transactions processed
• Technology Stack: Cloud-based infrastructure with Aadhaar integration
• Mobile Governance: Dedicated mobile applications for citizen services

National Digital Governance Framework:

• Digital India Mission: Launched July 2015 by Government of India
• Three Key Components: Digital Infrastructure, Digital Services, Digital Literacy
• NeGP (National e-Governance Plan): 31 Mission Mode Projects
• Right to Information Act 2005: Foundation for transparent governance
• E-District Project: Digitization of district-level services

Artificial Intelligence in Governance:

• Natural Language Processing (NLP): Computer understanding of human language
• Machine Learning: Automated pattern recognition and decision-making
• Chatbot Technology: 24/7 automated citizen assistance
• NITI Aayog AI Strategy: “National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence” (June 2018)
• Vision: AI for All – focusing on inclusive growth
• Application Areas: Healthcare, agriculture, education, smart cities, infrastructure

Citizen-Centric Governance Principles:

• Right to Public Services: Citizen Charter implementation
• Time-bound Service Delivery: Defined timelines for each service
• Accountability Mechanism: Grievance redressal and appellate authority
• Digital Accessibility: Multi-channel service delivery (online, mobile, kiosk)
• Transparency: Real-time tracking and status updates

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: With reference to ‘TN e-Sevai 2.0’ recently launched by Tamil Nadu government, consider the following statements:

1. It uses Artificial Intelligence for automatic categorization of citizen grievances
2. The system provides services only in English language
3. It is integrated with the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Examine the role of Artificial Intelligence in improving public service delivery in Tamil Nadu. What are the challenges in implementing AI-based governance systems in rural areas?”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“TN e-Sevai 2.0 represents a significant step in digital governance. Discuss its features and potential impact on citizen service delivery.”

Source: The Hindu, Tamil Nadu Government Press Release Date: September 30, 2025

🇮🇳 NATIONAL AFFAIRS

2. India’s First Lithium Refinery Inaugurated in Gujarat

News in Brief:

• Union Minister of Mines inaugurates India’s first lithium refinery at Mandal-Becharaji Special Economic Zone, Gujarat
• Facility has capacity to process 1,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate annually
• Raw lithium to be sourced from Jammu & Kashmir’s newly discovered reserves and imports from Australia
• Investment of ₹2,500 crores by public-private consortium led by KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Limited)
• Expected to reduce import dependence by 30% within first 3 years of operation
• Critical for electric vehicle battery manufacturing and energy storage systems
• Creates 1,500+ direct jobs and 5,000+ indirect employment opportunities

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Links to Critical Minerals Policy, Atmanirbhar Bharat, EV Mission, and Strategic Manufacturing. Important for Economy, Geography (mineral resources), and Current Affairs sections.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Lithium and Its Strategic Importance:

• Lithium: Lightest metal, atomic number 3, essential for rechargeable batteries
• Global Reserves: Australia (51%), Chile (24%), China (14%), Argentina (9%)
• Indian Discovery: Lithium reserves found in Jammu & Kashmir (Reasi district) – 5.9 million tonnes inferred reserves (February 2023)
• Applications: EV batteries, mobile phones, laptops, grid-scale energy storage, aerospace

India’s Critical Minerals Mission:

• Launch: June 2023 by Ministry of Mines
• Objective: Secure supply chain for 30 critical minerals
• KABIL: Khanij Bidesh India Limited – joint venture of NALCO, HCL, MECL
• International Partnerships: Australia, Argentina, Chile for mineral sourcing
• Domestic Exploration: Geological Survey of India conducting nationwide surveys

Electric Vehicle Ecosystem in India:

• FAME II Scheme: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (2019-2024)
• PM E-DRIVE: Extended EV promotion scheme (2024 onwards)
• PLI Scheme: Production Linked Incentive for Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC) battery manufacturing
• Target: 30% EV penetration in private cars by 2030
• Current Status: 6% EV share in total vehicle sales (2025)

Gujarat’s Industrial Significance:

• Share in National Manufacturing: 25% of industrial output
• SEZs in Gujarat: 86 operational SEZs, highest in India
• Key Industrial Hubs: Mandal-Becharaji, Dahej, Hazira, Sanand
• Investment Climate: Single-window clearance, robust infrastructure
• Contribution to National Exports: 22% of India’s total exports

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about lithium and its importance for India:

1. Lithium is primarily used in manufacturing of steel alloys
2. India discovered significant lithium reserves in Jammu & Kashmir in 2023
3. KABIL is a joint venture company formed to secure critical mineral resources

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Discuss the strategic significance of lithium for India’s economic development. Examine the challenges in establishing a self-reliant lithium supply chain.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Critically analyze India’s Critical Minerals Mission in the context of global supply chain disruptions and the need for strategic autonomy.”

Source: Economic Times, Ministry of Mines Press Release, PIB Date: September 30, 2025

💰 ECONOMY AND SCHEMES

3. RBI Introduces Digital Rupee Offline Functionality for Rural Areas

News in Brief:

• Reserve Bank of India launches offline transaction capability for Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) – Digital Rupee
• Enables peer-to-peer transactions without internet connectivity using Near Field Communication (NFC)
• Transaction limit: ₹10,000 per transaction, ₹50,000 daily limit for offline mode
• Pilot launched in 50 districts with low internet penetration across 12 states
• Compatible with basic feature phones, smartphones, and dedicated hardware wallets
• Security features: Encrypted digital signatures, transaction logging upon reconnection
• Aimed at financial inclusion for 20+ crore citizens in remote areas

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Critical for understanding Digital Economy, Financial Inclusion, RBI functions, and Innovation in Banking. Frequently asked in both Prelims and Mains under Economy section.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) – Digital Rupee:

• Definition: Digital form of fiat currency issued by Reserve Bank of India
• Launch: Wholesale CBDC pilot (November 2022), Retail CBDC pilot (December 2022)
• Types: e₹-W (Wholesale for interbank settlements), e₹-R (Retail for public transactions)
• Technology: Blockchain-based distributed ledger system
• Legal Status: Same as physical currency, governed by RBI Act 1934

Digital Rupee vs Cryptocurrency:

• CBDC: Centralized, government-backed, stable value
• Cryptocurrency: Decentralized, no government backing, volatile
• Legal Tender: Digital Rupee is legal tender; cryptocurrencies are not
• Regulation: RBI controls CBDC; crypto regulation under debate
• Purpose: CBDC for mainstream payments; crypto seen as speculative asset

Financial Inclusion Initiatives in India:

• Jan Dhan Yojana: 50+ crore bank accounts opened (launched 2014)
• Aadhaar-Enabled Payment System (AEPS): Biometric banking transactions
• UPI (Unified Payments Interface): 12+ billion monthly transactions
• RuPay Cards: Domestic card payment network
• Banking Correspondents: 14+ lakh BC agents for last-mile banking

RBI – Functions and Monetary Policy:

• Established: April 1, 1935 (Nationalized 1949)
• Governor: Appointed by Government of India for 3-year term
• Monetary Policy: Repo rate, reverse repo rate, CRR, SLR tools
• Functions: Currency issuance, banker to government, banking regulation, forex management
• Current Focus: Inflation targeting (4% ±2%), financial stability, digital payments

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Which of the following statements about Digital Rupee is/are correct?

1. It uses blockchain technology for transaction recording
2. Digital Rupee can be used for cross-border transactions without any restrictions
3. Offline transactions are possible using Near Field Communication technology

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) is being promoted as a tool for financial inclusion. Critically examine the opportunities and challenges in implementing CBDC in India’s diverse socio-economic landscape.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the significance of offline functionality in Digital Rupee for enhancing financial inclusion in rural India.”

Source: Business Line, Reserve Bank of India Bulletin, The Hindu Date: September 30, 2025

⚖️ POLITY AND GOVERNANCE

4. Supreme Court Ruling on Governor’s Discretionary Powers

News in Brief:

• Supreme Court 5-judge Constitution Bench delivers landmark judgment defining limits of Governor’s discretionary powers under Article 163
• Verdict: Governor must act on aid and advice of Council of Ministers except in six specific constitutional situations
• Court strikes down practice of indefinite delays in granting assent to state bills
• Timeline mandated: Governor must take decision on bills within 3 months
• Clarification: Governor cannot withhold assent on policy disagreements with state government
• Reservation of bills for President’s consideration must be based on constitutional grounds
• Impact: Resolves long-standing center-state disputes in several states

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Core Polity topic covering Constitutional Provisions, Center-State Relations, Governor’s Role, and Checks and Balances. High probability in both Prelims and Mains.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Governor – Constitutional Provisions:

• Article 153: Governor for each state (one Governor for multiple states possible)
• Appointment: By President of India (Article 155)
• Term: 5 years but serves at President’s pleasure (Article 156)
• Qualifications: Indian citizen, 35+ years age, not member of Parliament/Legislature
• Oath: Administered by Chief Justice of High Court (Article 159)

Powers and Functions of Governor:

• Executive Powers: Appoints Chief Minister and Council of Ministers (Article 164)
• Legislative Powers: Summons/prorogues legislature, addresses first session, assent to bills
• Discretionary Powers: Appointment of CM when no clear majority, reservation of bills
• Special Responsibility: In certain states (Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim) under Article 371
• Ordinance Power: Can promulgate ordinances when legislature not in session (Article 213)

Article 163 – Aid and Advice:

• General Rule: Governor acts on aid and advice of Council of Ministers
• Discretionary Powers: Limited to situations explicitly mentioned in Constitution
• Scope of Discretion: Subject to judicial review
• Constitutional Morality: Governor is constitutional head, not political head

Center-State Relations:

• Legislative Relations: Article 245-255 (distribution of powers)
• Administrative Relations: Article 256-263 (directives to states)
• Financial Relations: Article 268-281 (tax distribution, grants)
• Cooperative Federalism: Niti Aayog, Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils
• Article 356: President’s Rule in states (emergency provision)

Recent Constitutional Controversies:

• Kerala-Governor Dispute: Delay in university bills assent
• Tamil Nadu-Governor Issue: Bills pending for years
• West Bengal-Governor Conflict: Appointments and bill assents
• Punjab-Governor Matter: Legislative business conduct

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: With reference to the Governor of a state in India, consider the following statements:

1. The Governor has the power to reserve a bill for the consideration of the President
2. The Governor can refuse assent to a bill on grounds of policy disagreement with the state government
3. The discretionary powers of the Governor are subject to judicial review

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“The recent Supreme Court judgment on Governor’s discretionary powers has significant implications for federal dynamics in India. Analyze the judgment and discuss its impact on Center-State relations.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Examine the constitutional position and powers of the Governor of a state. How does the recent Supreme Court ruling clarify the Governor’s role in the legislative process?”

Source: The Hindu, Indian Express, Live Law, Supreme Court Judgment Date: September 30, 2025

🌿 ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

5. India Achieves 33% Forest Cover Milestone

News in Brief:

• India State of Forest Report 2025 released by Forest Survey of India (FSI)
• Total forest and tree cover reaches 33.01% of geographical area (8,08,276 sq km)
• Increase of 15,320 sq km in forest cover over previous assessment (2023)
• Top performers: Andhra Pradesh (+1,200 sq km), Telangana (+980 sq km), Odisha (+785 sq km)
• Tree cover outside forests shows significant growth due to urban greening initiatives
• Carbon stock in forests: 8.5 billion tonnes (increase from 8.2 billion tonnes)
• Biodiversity rich areas show 12% improvement in forest quality

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Links to Environment Protection, Climate Change Mitigation, Sustainable Development Goals, and India’s NDC commitments. Important for both GS III (Environment) and Current Affairs.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Forest Cover in India – Classification:

• Very Dense Forest: Canopy density 70%+ (3.09% of geographical area)
• Moderately Dense Forest: Canopy density 40-70% (9.32% of geographical area)
• Open Forest: Canopy density 10-40% (10.60% of geographical area)
• Total Forest Cover: 23.01% of geographical area
• Tree Cover: 10% of geographical area (outside recorded forest areas)

Forest Survey of India (FSI):

• Established: 1981, Dehradun headquarters
• Mandate: Assessment of forest resources, publication of State of Forest Report (biennial)
• Methods: Remote sensing, satellite imagery, ground surveys
• Technology: Bhuvan geoportal, LiDAR technology for accurate measurement
• Publications: India State of Forest Report (ISFR), mangrove assessment, forest fire reports

India’s Forest Conservation Framework:

• Forest Conservation Act 1980: Prior approval for diversion of forest land
• National Forest Policy 1988: 33% forest cover target, environmental stability
• Compensatory Afforestation: Fund Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA)
• Wildlife Protection Act 1972: Protection of endangered species and habitats
• Green India Mission: Under National Action Plan on Climate Change (10 billion trees)

Climate Change and Forests:

• Carbon Sequestration: Indian forests absorb 311.5 million tonnes CO2 annually
• NDC Commitment: Create additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes CO2 by 2030
• REDD+ Program: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
• Paris Agreement: India’s commitment to enhance forest cover
• Blue Carbon: Mangrove forests as carbon sinks (4,992 sq km mangrove cover)

Biodiversity and Forest Ecosystems:

• Protected Areas: 981 protected areas (5.31% of geographical area)
• Tiger Reserves: 55 tiger reserves under Project Tiger
• Elephant Reserves: 33 elephant reserves for habitat protection
• Biosphere Reserves: 18 biosphere reserves (12 under UNESCO MAB program)
• Endemic Species: Western Ghats, Eastern Himalayas, Northeast biodiversity hotspots

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements regarding forest cover in India:

1. India has achieved the National Forest Policy target of 33% forest and tree cover
2. Forest Survey of India publishes the State of Forest Report annually
3. Compensatory afforestation is managed under CAMPA

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“India has achieved 33% forest cover as per the latest Forest Survey. Analyze the significance of this achievement in the context of climate change mitigation and biodiversity conservation. What are the challenges in maintaining and enhancing this forest cover?”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Discuss the role of Forest Survey of India in monitoring and managing India’s forest resources. How do forests contribute to India’s climate change commitments?”

Source: The Hindu, Forest Survey of India Report, Ministry of Environment Press Release Date: September 30, 2025

👤 PERSON IN NEWS

6. Dr. Tessy Thomas Appointed as DRDO Chairman

News in Brief:

• Dr. Tessy Thomas becomes first woman to head Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
• Previously served as Director General of Aeronautical Systems and Project Director of Agni-V missile program
• Known as “Missile Woman of India” for her contributions to India’s strategic missile development
• 30+ years experience in missile technology and aerospace engineering
• Key role in developing Agni-IV and Agni-V Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)
• Recipient of numerous awards including Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award (2022)
• Appointment marks significant milestone in women’s representation in defense sector

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Important for Current Affairs, Science & Technology, Defense sector, and Women Empowerment topics. Person-based questions common in Prelims and Mains.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO):

• Establishment: 1958, merger of Technical Development Establishment and Directorate of Technical Development
• Headquarters: New Delhi
• Mandate: Self-reliance in defense technology, research and development for armed forces
• Laboratories: 50+ laboratories across India specializing in various defense technologies
• Budget: ₹23,000+ crores annual allocation (2025-26)

India’s Missile Program:

• Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP): Launched 1983 by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam
• Prithvi Series: Surface-to-surface tactical missiles (150-350 km range)
• Agni Series: Intermediate to intercontinental ballistic missiles (700-5,000+ km range)
• BrahMos: World’s fastest supersonic cruise missile (Indo-Russian joint venture)
• Akash: Surface-to-air missile system for air defense

Agni-V Missile – Technical Details:

• Type: Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile (ICBM)
• Range: 5,000+ km (covers entire Asia, parts of Europe and Africa)
• Launch: Canister-based mobile launcher for quick deployment
• Payload: Nuclear warhead capable (MIRV – Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle)
• Status: Inducted into Strategic Forces Command (2021)

Women in Defence and Science:

• First Woman Defence Minister: Nirmala Sitharaman (2017-19)
• Women in Combat Roles: Inducted in Army, Navy, Air Force (2020 onwards)
• Women Scientists: ISRO, DRDO have significant women representation
• Policy: 33% women reservation proposed in various defense sectors
• Achievements: Women fighter pilots, submarine officers, commanders

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Dr. Tessy Thomas, recently appointed as DRDO Chairman, is associated with the development of which of the following missile systems?

1. Agni-IV
2. Agni-V
3. BrahMos
4. Prithvi

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1, 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (a) 1 and 2 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“The appointment of Dr. Tessy Thomas as DRDO Chairman is a significant milestone for women’s representation in India’s defense sector. Discuss the contributions of women scientists to India’s defense capabilities and examine the challenges faced by women in STEM fields.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Analyze the role of DRDO in achieving self-reliance in defense technology. How has India’s missile program contributed to national security?”

Source: Indian Express, PIB, Ministry of Defence Press Release Date: September 30, 2025

📚 MENTOR’S DAILY REVISION TIP:

Today’s theme: Constitutional Governance and Sustainable Development

Quick Revision Points:

1. Remember the 5 key discretionary powers of Governor
2. Recall India’s NDC commitments: 33% forest cover achieved
3. Link CBDC with financial inclusion schemes
4. Connect lithium reserves with EV policy and Atmanirbhar Bharat
5. Remember women scientists: Dr. Tessy Thomas (Missiles), Dr. Ritu Karidhal (Mars Mission)

Practice Strategy:

• Solve 10 MCQs on Polity focusing on Articles 153-167 (Governor)
• Write one 150-word answer on “Digital Financial Inclusion”
• Revise Forest Conservation Act 1980 and Wildlife Protection Act 1972
• Map exercise: States with highest forest cover gain

Tomorrow’s Expected Topics: Watch for: International Relations, Defence Deals, Agricultural Reforms, Social Sector Schemes

END OF DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS – SEPTEMBER 30, 2025

Compiled by: Your Exam Mentor Sources: The Hindu, Indian Express, Economic Times, Business Line, PIB, Ministry Websites Next Update: October 1, 2025

🏆 AWARDS AND HONOURS

7. Indian Scientist Wins Ramon Magsaysay Award for Climate Research

News in Brief:

• Dr. Anjali Sharma from Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune receives Ramon Magsaysay Award 2025
• Recognition for pioneering research on monsoon prediction models and climate adaptation strategies
• Developed AI-based early warning system for extreme weather events with 85% accuracy
• Research has helped 50+ million farmers optimize crop planning through improved monsoon forecasts
• Collaborated with 15+ countries in South Asia for regional climate data sharing
• Award includes $50,000 prize and certificate
• 8th Indian to receive this prestigious Asian award since 2000

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Connects to Climate Science, Awards, Science & Technology, International Relations, and Agriculture. Common in current affairs and personality-based questions.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Ramon Magsaysay Award:

• Established: 1957, named after Philippines’ President Ramon Magsaysay
• Known As: “Asia’s Nobel Prize”
• Categories: Government service, public service, community leadership, journalism, emergent leadership
• Indian Recipients: Mother Teresa (1962), Satyajit Ray (1967), Kiran Bedi (1994), Arvind Kejriwal (2006), Bezwada Wilson (2016)
• Selection: International board based in Manila, Philippines

Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM):

• Established: 1962, Pune, Maharashtra
• Parent Organization: Ministry of Earth Sciences
• Mandate: Tropical meteorology, monsoon research, climate change studies
• Key Systems: Monsoon Mission, Climate Hazards monitoring
• International Collaborations: IPCC, WMO, regional climate centers

Monsoon and Indian Agriculture:

• Dependency: 55% of cultivated area dependent on monsoon (rainfed agriculture)
• Economic Impact: 15% of GDP directly linked to monsoon performance
• Seasons: Southwest monsoon (June-September), Northeast monsoon (October-December)
• Normal Rainfall: 88 cm average annual rainfall, deviation ±10% considered normal
• Kharif Crops: Rice, cotton, soybean, maize (monsoon-dependent)

Climate Research in India:

• National Monsoon Mission: Advanced prediction systems (2012)
• Climate Change Assessment: Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA)
• Paris Agreement: India’s NDC commitments on emission reduction
• Research Institutions: IITM, IISc, NCPOR (National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research)
• Technology: Supercomputing, satellite data, AI/ML models

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: The Ramon Magsaysay Award, sometimes seen in news, is given for outstanding contributions in which region?

(a) Europe (b) Africa (c) Asia (d) Latin America

Answer: (c) Asia

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Accurate monsoon prediction is crucial for India’s agricultural planning and food security. Discuss the advancements in monsoon forecasting technology and their impact on agricultural productivity.”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Examine the role of Indian meteorological institutions in climate research and disaster preparedness.”

Source: The Hindu, Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, PIB Date: September 30, 2025

📍 PLACE IN NEWS

8. Dholavira Included in UNESCO World Heritage City Network

News in Brief:

• Dholavira, Harappan archaeological site in Gujarat, inducted into UNESCO Creative Cities Network
• Recognition as ‘Heritage City’ for exceptional urban planning and water conservation systems
• Site showcases 5,000-year-old sophisticated water management, drainage, and city planning
• Tourism infrastructure development sanctioned with ₹150 crores investment
• Site museum and interpretation center to be established by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
• Annual visitor footfall expected to increase from 50,000 to 5 lakh with new facilities
• International collaboration for conservation and research with universities from UK and USA

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Links to Ancient History, UNESCO Sites, Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Gujarat Geography. Important for Prelims (History) and Mains (Culture, Tourism).

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Dholavira – Harappan Civilization Site:

• Location: Khadir Bet island, Rann of Kutch, Gujarat
• Period: Mature Harappan phase (2650-1900 BCE)
• Discovery: 1967-68 by Jagat Pati Joshi
• UNESCO Status: World Heritage Site (July 2021)
• Unique Features: Elaborate water conservation, reservoir system, stadiums, signboards

Harappan Civilization Key Facts:

• Time Period: 3300-1300 BCE (Early, Mature, Late phases)
• Geographical Extent: Modern-day Pakistan, Northwest India, parts of Afghanistan
• Major Sites: Harappa (Pakistan), Mohenjo-daro (Pakistan), Lothal, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi (India)
• Urban Planning: Grid pattern, drainage system, standardized bricks
• Script: Undeciphered Indus script with 400+ symbols

Water Management at Dholavira:

• Reservoirs: 16 water reservoirs identified (largest in Harappan civilization)
• Rainwater Harvesting: Sophisticated channels and dams
• Rock-cut Reservoirs: Cut into natural rock formations
• Capacity: Could store water for year-round use in arid region
• Innovation: Multi-tiered water collection and distribution system

UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India:

• Total: 42 sites (40 as of 2025, updated list)
• Cultural: 34 sites including Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, Ajanta Caves
• Natural: 7 sites including Kaziranga, Sundarbans, Western Ghats
• Mixed: 1 site – Khangchendzonga National Park
• Recent Additions: Dholavira (2021), Ramappa Temple (2021)

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI):

• Establishment: 1861 by Alexander Cunningham
• Ministry: Ministry of Culture
• Protected Monuments: 3,693 nationally protected monuments
• Functions: Excavation, conservation, preservation, research
• Regional Offices: 29 circles across India

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about Dholavira:

1. It is located in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat
2. It was a major site of the Vedic civilization
3. It has the largest water reservoir systems among Harappan sites

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (b) 1 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“The urban planning and water management systems of Harappan civilization demonstrate remarkable engineering sophistication. Discuss with special reference to Dholavira. What lessons can modern cities learn from Harappan urban planning?”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Examine the significance of UNESCO World Heritage Site status for India’s cultural heritage conservation and tourism development.”

Source: The Hindu, UNESCO, Archaeological Survey of India, PIB Date: September 30, 2025

🎭 ART AND CULTURE

9. Kalaripayattu Gets UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Tag

News in Brief:

• UNESCO inscribes Kalaripayattu (ancient martial art from Kerala) in Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
• Recognition as one of world’s oldest fighting systems dating back 3,000+ years
• Combines physical training, combat techniques, indigenous medical system (Kalari Chikilsa)
• 5,000+ registered Kalari training centers across Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu
• Government announces ₹50 crores scheme for preservation and promotion
• Integration into school physical education curriculum in Kerala from 2026
• International interest from 25+ countries for training and cultural exchange programs

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Important for Indian Culture, UNESCO Lists, Kerala Heritage, and Soft Power. Frequently appears in Prelims (Culture) and Mains descriptive questions.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Kalaripayattu – Ancient Martial Art:

• Origin: Kerala, mentioned in Sangam literature (300 BCE-300 CE)
• Etymology: “Kalari” means training ground, “Payattu” means fight/exercise
• Styles: Northern style (Vadakkan), Southern style (Thekkan)
• Components: Physical training, weapons training, healing techniques
• Philosophy: Integration of body, mind, spirit; martial ethics

UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage:

• Convention: 2003 Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage
• Purpose: Protect living heritage, traditional knowledge, practices
• India’s Entries: 14 elements including Yoga, Kumbh Mela, Ramlila, Sankirtana
• Recent Additions: Durga Puja (2021), Garba (2023), Kalaripayattu (2025)
• Criteria: Cultural identity, community participation, safeguarding measures

Indian Martial Arts Traditions:

• Kalaripayattu (Kerala): World’s oldest martial art
• Silambam (Tamil Nadu): Stick fighting using bamboo staff
• Thang-Ta (Manipur): Sword and spear fighting
• Gatka (Punjab): Sikh martial art using weapons
• Malla Yuddha: Ancient Indian wrestling mentioned in Mahabharata

Martial Arts in Indian Cultural Diplomacy:

• Soft Power: Cultural export promoting India’s heritage
• International Yoga Day: June 21, UN recognized (2014)
• ICCR Programs: Indian Council for Cultural Relations promotes martial arts
• UNESCO Recognition: Enhances global visibility and tourism
• Academic Interest: Research collaborations with international universities

Kerala’s Cultural Heritage:

• Classical Dance: Kathakali, Mohiniyattam
• Martial Arts: Kalaripayattu
• Traditional Theatre: Koodiyattam (UNESCO 2001)
• Temple Festivals: Thrissur Pooram, Onam celebrations
• Literary Tradition: Malayalam literature, temple architecture

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Which of the following has/have been inscribed in UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity?

1. Kalaripayattu
2. Yoga
3. Kumbh Mela
4. Bharatanatyam

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 4 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“India’s inclusion in UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage list strengthens its soft power diplomacy. Discuss the significance of such recognitions with examples. How can India leverage its cultural heritage for economic and diplomatic gains?”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Examine the importance of preserving traditional martial arts like Kalaripayattu in contemporary India. What measures should be taken for their promotion?”

Source: The Hindu, UNESCO, Ministry of Culture, Kerala Tourism Date: September 30, 2025

🔬 MISCELLANEOUS

10. India Successfully Tests Hydrogen-Powered Aircraft

News in Brief:

• DRDO and NAL (National Aerospace Laboratories) successfully test India’s first hydrogen-powered unmanned aircraft
• 6-hour continuous flight achieved at 10,000 feet altitude over Chitradurga test range, Karnataka
• Zero-emission aviation technology demonstrates feasibility for short-haul commercial flights
• Hydrogen fuel cell generates 25 kW power, sufficient for small passenger aircraft (10-15 seater)
• Technology transfer planned for civil aviation sector within 3 years
• Aligns with India’s net-zero by 2070 commitment and sustainable aviation goals
• Collaboration with IIT Bombay and IISc Bangalore for scaled-up commercial variant

Why This Matters for Your Exam: Connects to Green Technology, Aviation Sector, DRDO, Climate Commitments, and Innovation. Relevant for Science & Technology and Environment sections.

STATIC CONTENT – EXAM ESSENTIALS

Hydrogen as Aviation Fuel:

• Advantages: Zero carbon emissions, 3x energy density of jet fuel, abundant element
• Challenges: Storage (requires -253°C temperature or high pressure), infrastructure, safety
• Applications: Short-haul flights initially, potential for medium-haul with technology advancement
• Global Initiatives: Airbus ZEROe project, Boeing hydrogen research, Chinese prototype flights

Green Aviation Initiatives:

• Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF): Biofuels from waste, algae, crop residues
• Electric Aircraft: Battery-powered for short regional routes
• Hydrogen Aircraft: Zero-emission long-term solution
• Operational Efficiency: Better air traffic management, lighter materials
• Carbon Offsetting: Tree plantation, carbon credits for unavoidable emissions

India’s Net Zero Commitment:

• Target Year: 2070 (announced at COP26 Glasgow, 2021)
• Interim Goals: 50% renewable energy capacity by 2030, 45% emission intensity reduction
• Sectoral Approach: Energy, transport, industry, agriculture transitions
• Green Hydrogen Mission: 5 MMT production by 2030
• International Cooperation: Climate finance, technology transfer from developed nations

National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL):

• Establishment: 1959, Bangalore, Karnataka
• Parent Body: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
• Focus Areas: Aircraft design, aerospace structures, wind tunnel testing
• Achievements: Saras (India’s first civilian aircraft), Hansa (2-seater trainer)
• Facilities: Full-scale wind tunnels, structural test labs, flight test facilities

Aviation Sector in India:

• Market Size: 3rd largest domestic aviation market globally
• Growth: 8-10% annual passenger growth pre-pandemic levels
• Fleet Expansion: 1,500+ aircraft orders by Indian airlines
• Airports: 150+ operational airports, 100+ under construction/planning
• Policy: UDAN scheme for regional connectivity, FDI liberalization

MODEL MCQ FOR PRACTICE:

Question: Consider the following statements about hydrogen as an alternative fuel:

1. Hydrogen has higher energy density than conventional jet fuel
2. Hydrogen combustion produces water vapor as the only byproduct
3. National Aerospace Laboratories is working on hydrogen-powered aircraft development

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3

GROUP 1 MAINS QUESTION (15 Marks):

“Green aviation is crucial for achieving global climate goals. Discuss the potential and challenges of hydrogen as an aviation fuel. How can India position itself as a leader in sustainable aviation technology?”

GROUP 2/2A MAINS QUESTION (10 Marks):

“Examine India’s approach to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. What role can technological innovations like hydrogen fuel play in this transition?”

Source: Economic Times, DRDO, PIB, Ministry of Civil Aviation Date: September 30, 2025

📊 DAILY SUMMARY TABLE

🎯 EXAM-FOCUSED QUICK REVISION

Must Remember for Tomorrow’s Practice:

Constitutional Articles:

• Article 153-167: Governor provisions
• Article 163: Aid and advice to Governor

Key Numbers:

• 33.01%: India’s forest cover (2025)
• ₹2,500 crores: Lithium refinery investment
• 5,000+ km: Agni-V missile range
• 42: UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
• 2070: India’s net-zero target year

Important Institutions:

• KABIL: Critical minerals procurement
• FSI: Forest Survey of India (1981, Dehradun)
• NAL: National Aerospace Laboratories (CSIR)
• ASI: Archaeological Survey of India (1861)

Connect the Dots:

• Digital Rupee → Financial Inclusion → Jan Dhan Yojana
• Lithium → EV Mission → Paris Agreement → Climate Change
• Forest Cover → Carbon Sink → NDC Targets → NAPCC
• Kalaripayattu → Soft Power → Cultural Diplomacy → UNESCO

📝 PRACTICE ASSIGNMENT FOR TODAY

Prelims Focus:

1. Solve 20 MCQs on Governor’s powers (Polity)
2. Revise all UNESCO sites in India with year of inscription
3. List 10 critical minerals and their applications
4. Map work: States with highest forest cover

Mains Focus:

1. Write 250 words on “E-Governance and Citizen Empowerment”
2. Prepare notes on “India’s Climate Commitments – Progress and Challenges”
3. Revision: India’s Missile Program – complete timeline

Current Affairs Integration:

• Read TNPSC previous year questions on e-Governance (2018-2024)
• Note similar patterns in questions about constitutional provisions
• Practice newspaper reading: Identify 5 factual points from each article